{"id":2842,"date":"2019-07-09T00:06:58","date_gmt":"2019-07-08T22:06:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/46.105.108.209\/~tritroco\/?page_id=2842"},"modified":"2026-05-16T21:12:03","modified_gmt":"2026-05-16T19:12:03","slug":"toxoplasmosis-gallinas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/en\/parasitos-en-gallinas\/toxoplasmosis-gallinas\/","title":{"rendered":"Toxoplasmosis in chickens: causes and prevention."},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2842\" class=\"elementor elementor-2842\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72accda8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"72accda8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-516e864d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"516e864d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Toxoplasmosis en gallinas: causas y prevenci\u00f3n.<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-156c412 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"156c412\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c395a2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c395a2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>Enfermedades parasitarias:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbeed28 animated-slow e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cbeed28\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-641f310 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"641f310\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58e81be elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"58e81be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/toxoplasma-goudii.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"toxoplasma goudii\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzI2ODcsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC93d3cudHJpLXRyby5jb21cL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3RveG9wbGFzbWEtZ291ZGlpLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/toxoplasma-goudii-puy62ekw3ludwcxrjuzgoeo0rs09wmh76ffwf9qe0a.jpg\" title=\"toxoplasma goudii\" alt=\"Toxoplasma gondii\u00a0\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fcea80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3fcea80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span style=\"color: #333300;\">Toxoplasma gondii\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b952070 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b952070\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0957368 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0957368\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 es la toxoplasmosis en gallinas?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd97573 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fd97573\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1be3c61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1be3c61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3df8783 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"3df8783\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script async=\"async\" src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script> <!-- Horizontal adaptable -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0266735727524320\" data-ad-slot=\"1842964108\" data-ad-format=\"auto\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins> \r\n<script>\r\n\r\n\/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n\r\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n\/*]]>*\/\r\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5339ba7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5339ba7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a561f9b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a561f9b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c90db5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5c90db5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cc-m-12923013827\"><div id=\"cc-matrix-3684762027\"><div id=\"cc-m-12923014427\"><div id=\"cc-m-12923442027\"><div id=\"cc-matrix-3684876727\"><div id=\"cc-m-12923447127\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">El g\u00e9nero Toxoplasma fue establecido<\/span> por Nicolle y Manceaux en el a\u00f1o 1909 para un organismo unicelular que descubrieron en un peque\u00f1o roedor (Ctenodactylus gundi) en el norte de \u00c1frica. Denominaron al par\u00e1sito Toxoplasma gondii.<\/p><p>La toxoplasmosis es una enfermedad parasitaria que afecta a mam\u00edferos, incluido el hombre, aves y reptiles, e incluso a algunos invertebrados, como la lombriz de tierra, que act\u00faa como hu\u00e9sped intermedio, que transporta un par\u00e1sito, pero el par\u00e1sito no se desarrolla ni pierde infectividad, localiz\u00e1ndose en diversos \u00f3rganos como el sistema nervioso central, m\u00fasculos y v\u00edsceras.<\/p><p>Las gallinas y pollos se infectan, pero no manifiestan s\u00edntomas ni se detectan p\u00e9rdidas en la producci\u00f3n. La prevalencia es variable, pero depende del sistema de cr\u00eda, ya que los que son criados a cielo abierto o sueltos pueden ingerir mayor cantidad de ooquistes.<\/p><p>Los s\u00edntomas consisten en anorexia, caquexia, palidez, diarrea, ataxia, temblores, ceguera, tort\u00edcolis, etc., siendo las lesiones m\u00e1s generales hepatitis, inflamaci\u00f3n del bazo, pericarditis, miocarditis, \u00falceras intestinales y congesti\u00f3n cerebral.<\/p><p>La identificaci\u00f3n de toxoplasmas en animales implica su eliminaci\u00f3n y el saneamiento a fondo del h\u00e1bitat del gallinero. Es larga ya la lista de aves, tanto dom\u00e9sticas como silvestres, que se han hallado naturalmente infectadas por Toxoplasma gondii, Nicolle y Manceaux, 1909.<\/p><p>Los huevos de gallina crudos act\u00faan solo muy excepcionalmente como transmisores de la toxoplasmosis (Jacobs, 1967; Dubey, 1993).<\/p><p>La presencia del par\u00e1sito pasa casi siempre desapercibida, activ\u00e1ndose en condiciones favorables. El agente causal es el Toxoplasma gondii, el cual se transmite a trav\u00e9s de las deyecciones de los animales infectados.<\/p><p>Es un par\u00e1sito extraordinariamente ubicuo (que est\u00e1 en todas partes); es capaz de parasitar cualquier c\u00e9lula nucleada de cualquier vertebrado de sangre caliente. La infecci\u00f3n es m\u00e1s frecuente en las regiones c\u00e1lidas y h\u00famedas que en las fr\u00edas y secas.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b863a47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b863a47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Ciclo-de-vida-Toxoplasmosis.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Ciclo de vida Toxoplasmosis\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTE3NzYsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC93d3cudHJpLXRyby5jb21cL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjBcLzAxXC9DaWNsby1kZS12aWRhLVRveG9wbGFzbW9zaXMuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Ciclo-de-vida-Toxoplasmosis-puy646hu33966a0jee739hbcitphs3awfn640xa5l6.jpg\" title=\"Ciclo de vida Toxoplasmosis\" alt=\"Ciclo de vida Toxoplasmosis\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-777cc1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"777cc1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Ciclo de vida de la toxoplasmosis<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"es-ES\">Fuente foto: <\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">Portier B, Dao A et Ajana F. Toxoplasme et toxoplasmoses. Encycl M\u00e9d Chir (\u00c9ditions Scientifiques et M\u00e9dicales Elsevier SAS, Par\u00eds, tous droits r\u00e9serv\u00e9s), P\u00e9diatrie, 4-330-A-W, 2000, Up.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad435ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ad435ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"cc-m-12923013827\"><div id=\"cc-matrix-3684762027\"><div id=\"cc-m-12923014427\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Toxoplasma gondii es liberado de sus hu\u00e9spedes<\/span> definitivos, los felinos <span lang=\"es-ES\">(<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">Felidae<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">), <\/span>particularmente el gato dom\u00e9stico, en el que se desarrolla el ciclo sexual del par\u00e1sito, solo exclusivamente en algunos componentes de la familia Felidae, cerr\u00e1ndose as\u00ed el ciclo (Jackson y Hutchinson, 1989), en las materias fecales en forma de ooquiste, despu\u00e9s de realizar su esporogonia en el epitelio intestinal.<\/p><p><span lang=\"es-ES\">Los felinos se infectan al ingerir roedores que contienen los\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">bradizoitos<\/span><span lang=\"es-ES\">\u00a0que forman los quistes tisulares.<\/span><\/p><p>En las materias fecales, los ooquistes, que contienen dos esporoquistes, maduran y se vuelven infectantes. <span lang=\"es-ES\">Una vez expulsados, los quistes (t\u00e9cnicamente ooquistes) tardan de 1 a 5 d\u00edas en esporular, requisito imprescindible para llegar a ser infecciosos, <\/span>pudiendo permanecer viables en el suelo entre 12 y 18 meses; son resistentes a la mayor\u00eda de los factores ambientales y pueden sobrevivir en suelos templados y h\u00famedos durante meses e incluso a\u00f1os (Dubey y col., 1970; Frenkel y col., 1975).<\/p><p>El gato enfermo elimina alrededor de un mill\u00f3n de ooquistes durante cerca de 15 d\u00edas y, si no fallece, desde ese momento desarrollar\u00e1 inmunidad concomitante (es el estado de inmunidad del hu\u00e9sped a la reinfecci\u00f3n o superinfecci\u00f3n existente). La distribuci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica de esta parasitosis, aunque cosmopolita, difiere de acuerdo con las variaciones climatol\u00f3gicas, culturales y la presencia o no del gato dom\u00e9stico.<\/p><p>Los ooquistes son dispersados en primer lugar por el gato, pero en esta dispersi\u00f3n colaboran tambi\u00e9n vectores como las lombrices de tierra, cucarachas, moscas, hormigas, insectos copr\u00f3fagos, etc. (Dubey y col., 1970; Wallace, 1973; Chinchilla y Ruiz, 1976).<\/p><p>De esta forma, los ooquistes contaminan el suelo, el agua y los vegetales, los piensos y las camas de los animales de granja donde existen gatos (Faull y col., 1986), pudiendo ser ingeridos por peque\u00f1os animales silvestres como los roedores, por herb\u00edvoros silvestres o dom\u00e9sticos, por aves y tambi\u00e9n por otros gatos.<\/p><p>La transmisi\u00f3n de la infecci\u00f3n al tocar o transportar un gato es m\u00ednima o inexistente, ya que los gatos son muy limpios y est\u00e1n continuamente acicalando su pelo, siendo dif\u00edcil encontrar restos de heces en la piel de un gato sano. Los ooquistes que pudieran existir en ella no son infectantes, puesto que para esporular necesitan estar en el suelo con unas condiciones adecuadas de humedad y oxigenaci\u00f3n (Dubey, 1994).<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a056707 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a056707\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Toxoplasma-gondii-estructura.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Toxoplasma gondii estructura\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTE3NzcsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC93d3cudHJpLXRyby5jb21cL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjBcLzAxXC9Ub3hvcGxhc21hLWdvbmRpaS1lc3RydWN0dXJhLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Toxoplasma-gondii-estructura-puy646hx0c9vtucx6mm3dyjd5z98g1iy37sx233m96.jpg\" title=\"Toxoplasma gondii estructura\" alt=\"Toxoplasma gondii estructura\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50ef93a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"50ef93a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #333300;\"><em>Toxoplasma gondii<\/em> estructura <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04c9633 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"04c9633\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8114c6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f8114c6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3296cd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3296cd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bibliogr\u00e1fica:<\/p><p align=\"LEFT\">ANTONIS, A.F.; VAN-KNAPEN, F.; DERCKSEN, D.P. y JAGER, P.M. (1998). <span style=\"font-family: TimesNewRoman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Toxoplasmosis in goats in the Netherlands: a pilot study. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: TimesNewRoman,Italic, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><i>Tijdschr. Diergeneeskd.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p><p>MERCK &amp; CO. (1995). Manual Merck de Veterinaria. Rahway, N. J., EE. UU.<\/p><p>BUXAD\u00c9, P. (1987). La gallina ponedora. Ed. Mundiprensa. Madrid.<\/p><p>DORN, P. (1987). Manual de patolog\u00eda aviar. Ed. Acribia. Zaragoza.<\/p><p>HOFSTAD, M. S. (1984). Diseases of Poultry. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.<\/p><p align=\"LEFT\">APARICIO GARRIDO, J.; COUR BOVEDA, I.; SAUNAD, V.M. y SOPENA QUESADA, A. (1972). Estudio sobre la epidemiolog\u00eda de la toxoplasmosis. La infecci\u00f3n entre animales de consumo.<\/p><p>ZARZUELO, E. (1982). Vadem\u00e9cum de la patolog\u00eda infecciosa de las aves dom\u00e9sticas. Ed. Aedos, Barcelona.<\/p><p align=\"LEFT\">BEYER, T.V. and SHEVKUNOVA, E.A. (1986). A review of toxoplasmosis of animals in the USSR Vet. Parasitol<\/p><p>CASTELL\u00d3, F. y CASTELL\u00d3, J. A. (1960). El nuevo arte de criar gallinas. Ed. Aedos, Barcelona.<\/p><p>OROZCO, F. (1989). Razas de gallinas espa\u00f1olas. Ed. Mundiprensa. Madrid.<\/p><p>LACADENA, J. R. (1998). Gen\u00e9tica. Ed. AGESA<\/p><p align=\"LEFT\">CABANNES, A.; LUCCHESE, F.; HERNANDEZ, J.C.; PELSE, H.; BIESEL, N.; EYMONNOT, M.; APPRIOU, M. y TRIBOULEY-DURET, J. (1997). Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in sheep, cattle and cats in Gironde department. Bull. Soc. Parasitol.<\/p><p>PUERTAS, M.J. (1992). Gen\u00e9tica: fundamentos y perspectivas. Ed. Interamericana McGraw-Hill.<\/p><p>SANCHEZ-MONGE, E. (1969), Gen\u00e9tica. Ed. Espasa-Calpe S.A.<\/p><p align=\"LEFT\">BEVERLEY, J.K.A. (1959). Congenital transmission of toxoplasmosis through successive generations of mice. Nature (London)<\/p><p>OROZCO, F. y ROBLA, F. (1986). Aspectos gen\u00e9ticos del gallo de Le\u00f3n. XXIV Simposio de la WPSA (Secci\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola): 199 \u2013 212.<\/p><p>DE LA LOMA, J.L. (1973). Gen\u00e9tica general y aplicada. Ed. UTEHA.<\/p><p>CASTELL\u00d3, J.A., LLEONART, R., CAMPO, J.L., OROZCO, F. (1989). Biolog\u00eda de la gallina. Real Escuela de Avicultura.<\/p><p>LLEONART, F., ROCA, E., CALL\u00cdS, M., GURRI, A., PONTES, M. (1991). Higiene y patolog\u00eda aviares. Real Escuela de Avicultura.<\/p><p>STURKIE, P.D. (1968). Fisiolog\u00eda aviar, ed. Acribia. Zaragoza.<\/p><p>LOHMANN ANIMAL HEALTH (2012)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1acae5f5 animated-slow e-con-full e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1acae5f5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;zoomIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-547c37db e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"547c37db\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4af63592 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4af63592\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Os pueden interesar estos otros apartados<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b95d1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5b95d1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70475c63 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70475c63\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a81f76e animated-slow elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a81f76e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/ancestros-de-la-avicultura-espanola\/abu-zacaria-iahia-agronomo-andalusi\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Abu-Zacaria-Iahia.-Escribio-su-magistral-Kitab-al-Filaha-puy63yz4keyvlebgmay2pj7nrqqk2ih1qly86playy.jpg\" title=\"Abu Zacaria Iahia. Escribi\u00f3 su magistral Kitab al Filaha\" alt=\"Abu Zacaria Iahia. Escribi\u00f3 su magistral Kitab al Filaha\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-688154ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"688154ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Abu Zacaria Iahia agr\u00f3nomo andalus\u00ed<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41ae2db e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"41ae2db\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b21a812 animated-slow elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3b21a812\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/origen-del-gallo-castellano-negro\/gallus-gallus-gallus-bankiva\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Gallus-Gallus.-Gallus-Bankiva.-Uno-de-los-ancestros-del-gallo-domestico.-puy63yz4keyvlebgmay2pj7nrqqk2ih1qly86playy.jpg\" title=\"Gallus Gallus. Gallus Bankiva. Uno de los ancestros del gallo domestico.\" alt=\"Gallus Gallus. Gallus Bankiva. Uno de los ancestros del gallo domestico.\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62148ae3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"62148ae3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Gallus gallus. <\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Gallus Bankiva. A<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">ncestros del gallo domestico.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-502c9cbd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"502c9cbd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ac0f7c0 animated-slow elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4ac0f7c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/ancestros-de-la-avicultura-espanola\/lucio-junio-moderato-columela\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Lucio-Moderato-Columela.-Los-doce-libros-de-la-Agricultura-o-re-rustica--puy63y1adkxl9sctrsjg51g76cv6utdbehaqpfmp56.jpg\" title=\"Lucio Moderato Columela. Los doce libros de la Agricultura o\u00a0re rustica\u00a0\u00a0\" alt=\"Lucio Moderato Columela. Los doce libros de la Agricultura o\u00a0re rustica\u00a0\u00a0\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5187f24d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5187f24d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">El maestro de la agricultura romana Lucio Junio Moderato Columela<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-145ab08 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"145ab08\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c50d14d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3c50d14d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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Enfermedades parasitarias: Toxoplasma gondii\u00a0 \u00bfQu\u00e9 es la toxoplasmosis en gallinas? El g\u00e9nero Toxoplasma fue establecido por Nicolle y Manceaux en el a\u00f1o 1909 para un organismo unicelular que descubrieron en un peque\u00f1o roedor (Ctenodactylus gundi) en el norte de \u00c1frica. Denominaron al par\u00e1sito Toxoplasma gondii. La toxoplasmosis es una&#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2819,"menu_order":21,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"right","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2842","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2842","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2842"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2842\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2819"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2842"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}