{"id":2862,"date":"2019-07-09T00:11:44","date_gmt":"2019-07-08T22:11:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/46.105.108.209\/~tritroco\/?page_id=2862"},"modified":"2026-06-02T20:34:35","modified_gmt":"2026-06-02T18:34:35","slug":"ascitis-en-gallinas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/en\/enfermedades-esporadicas-en-gallinas\/ascitis-en-gallinas\/","title":{"rendered":"Ascites in hens: swollen abdomen"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2862\" class=\"elementor elementor-2862\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6066b1d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6066b1d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7669b4dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7669b4dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ascitis en gallinas: abdomen hinchado<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96483d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"96483d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-766bb91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"766bb91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><b style=\"color: #800080;\">Enfermedades e<\/b><b>spor\u00e1dicas en gallinas<\/b><b style=\"color: #800080;\">:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b17741 animated-slow e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6b17741\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14b5591 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"14b5591\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de94354 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"de94354\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sindrome-ascitis-ok.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"S\u00edndrome ascitis\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MzI3ODAsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC93d3cudHJpLXRyby5jb21cL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL1NpbmRyb21lLWFzY2l0aXMtb2suanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Sindrome-ascitis-ok-puy645jzw97vuo1wjvsgozjvxfu4ke763iimjnbjre.jpg\" title=\"S\u00edndrome ascitis\" alt=\"S\u00edndrome ascitis\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9e58c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9e58c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #333300;\">S\u00edndrome ascitis<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b60717c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b60717c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-420dc19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"420dc19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Acumulaci\u00f3n de l\u00edquido en el abdomen de la gallina Ascitis:<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10e2350 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10e2350\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b84c216 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b84c216\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f78623 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"7f78623\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script async=\"async\" src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script> <!-- Horizontal adaptable -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0266735727524320\" data-ad-slot=\"1842964108\" data-ad-format=\"auto\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins> \r\n<script>\r\n\r\n\/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n\r\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n\/*]]>*\/\r\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56081b8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"56081b8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e837df6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e837df6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c12f06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8c12f06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">El s\u00edndrome de ascitis<\/span>\u00a0es una enfermedad del aparato circulatorio que puede ser definida por una manifestaci\u00f3n patol\u00f3gica, como un <span style=\"color: #000000;\">ac\u00famulo de trasudados<\/span> que se presenta en la cavidad corporal de las gallinas y m\u00e1s concretamente en el abdomen (acumulaci\u00f3n de l\u00edquido que contiene prote\u00ednas, l\u00edquido asc\u00edtico), as\u00ed como aumento de la presi\u00f3n arterial en los pulmones.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">La definici\u00f3n de s\u00edndrome Conjunto de s\u00edntomas que se presentan juntos y son caracter\u00edsticos de una enfermedad o de un cuadro patol\u00f3gico.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">A veces alcanzan gran volumen, afectando a las v\u00edsceras abdominales y produciendo hepatosis (lesiones degenerativas del h\u00edgado), edema pulmonar y congesti\u00f3n general de la canal.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">Resulta caracter\u00edstico en las aves la presencia de un <span style=\"color: #000000;\">abdomen abultado<\/span>, dificultad en la marcha, postura de ping\u00fcino y palidez o cianosis de la cresta y barbillas.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">A la palpaci\u00f3n, el abdomen resulta blando. En fases avanzadas, las aves enfermas presentan una marcada disnea y cianosis preag\u00f3nica.<\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: left;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">S\u00edntomas:<\/span><\/h3><ul><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Agua en el abdomen por palpaci\u00f3n.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Abdomen distendido.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Jadeo.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Disnea, falta de aire.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Cianosis (coloraci\u00f3n azulada de cresta y barbillas).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Cresta atrofiada.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Cabeza p\u00e1lida.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ojos cerrados.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Let\u00e1rgica (somnolencia prolongada).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Plumaje erizado.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Pollos afectados caminan con dificultad.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p align=\"justify\">Este s\u00edndrome asc\u00edtico ha aumentado en estos \u00faltimos a\u00f1os, debido a la mejora gen\u00e9tica de los reproductores y variedades de pollos de engorde, requerido por el aumento en la ganancia de peso y un mayor crecimiento en espacio-tiempo.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">En consecuencia, las aves necesitan una mayor necesidad de ox\u00edgeno y acelerar las reacciones qu\u00edmicas de su cuerpo (metabolismo) para convertir los alimentos en energ\u00eda.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">La ascitis se presenta con mayor frecuencia en pollos de engorde, cuando estos alcanzan su mayor aceleraci\u00f3n de crecimiento (3 y 5 semanas); entre las variedades de engorde, los machos son m\u00e1s propensos que las hembras al s\u00edndrome ascitis.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">En gallinas de postura, codornices y pavos, tiene menor incidencia la enfermedad.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-368f2ca animated-slow elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"368f2ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Ascitis.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"En la necropsia: a) Hidropericardio. b) Dilataci\u00f3n card\u00edaca derecha. c) Ascitis\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTIxNzMsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC93d3cudHJpLXRyby5jb21cL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjBcLzAxXC9Bc2NpdGlzLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Ascitis-puy646hu33966a0jee739hbcitphs3awfn640xa5l6.jpg\" title=\"En la necropsia: a) Hidropericardio. b) Dilataci\u00f3n card\u00edaca derecha. c) Ascitis\" alt=\"En la necropsia: a) Hidropericardio. b) Dilataci\u00f3n card\u00edaca derecha. c) Ascitis\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d63fcd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d63fcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #333300;\">En la necropsia: (a) Hidropericardio. (b) Dilataci\u00f3n card\u00edaca derecha. (c) Ascitis<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da8614a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da8614a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"justify\">Foto: Monroy LC, Hern\u00e1ndez A. 2013. Susceptibilidad a la hipoxia hipob\u00e1rica en una estirpe comercial de pollos de engorde.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2668654 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2668654\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a3e195 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4a3e195\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 provoca el s\u00edndrome de ascitis?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-455ff54 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"455ff54\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-730f18f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"730f18f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1571004 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1571004\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Se puede indicar que hay cuatro<\/span> factores que act\u00faan en mayor o menor medida en el proceso de la enfermedad del s\u00edndrome de ascitis:<\/p><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Gen\u00e9ticos:<\/span> Por razones del mercado, se necesita un crecimiento r\u00e1pido del pollo de engorde; ah\u00ed entra la gen\u00e9tica en la selecci\u00f3n de los reproductores, para conseguir m\u00e1s masa muscular y un desarrollo m\u00e1s r\u00e1pido del ave.<\/p><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Alimenticios:<\/span> Seg\u00fan estudios realizados en pollos de engorde (Cort\u00e9s et al., 2006), se demostr\u00f3 que a mayor ganancia de masa y consumo de alimento elevado, hab\u00eda m\u00e1s mortalidad de ascitis. Recomendando dietas de menor cantidad y equilibradas, demostr\u00e1ndose que se redujo el estr\u00e9s card\u00edaco, asociado a la ascitis, en forma temporal. (Gonzales et al., 1999).<\/p><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Climatol\u00f3gicos:<\/span> Influyen dos apartados en el s\u00edndrome de ascitis: la temperatura y la ventilaci\u00f3n. La exposici\u00f3n ambiental a bajas temperaturas de las aves produce una sobrecarga metab\u00f3lica (Wang et al., 2007; Luger et al., 2002). Con calor artificial hasta la tercera semana, Arce (2002b) observ\u00f3 que en zonas templadas puede producirse el 50% de bajas por ascitis.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">Una deficiente ventilaci\u00f3n o saturaci\u00f3n, producida por el exceso de poblaci\u00f3n de aves, con altas concentraciones de amoniaco de las camas y problemas en el sistema respiratorio, aumenta las necesidades de ox\u00edgeno de las mismas.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">Por lo tanto, se desarrolla el s\u00edndrome ascitis, por la incapacidad de oxigenar (hipoxia) correctamente su cuerpo, ocasionando un aumento en la presi\u00f3n pulmonar, produciendo un fallo ventricular derecho en el coraz\u00f3n, con acumulaci\u00f3n de l\u00edquido en cavidad abdominal (Wideman 2001, Arce et al., 1998). (Paasch, 1991).<\/p><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sanitarios:<\/span> Importante que las reproductoras est\u00e9n libres de micoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum, causante de la enfermedad respiratoria cr\u00f3nica ERC y la sinusitis infecciosa), y que otorguen al pollito una buena inmunidad materna, ya que puede aparecer en las fases de crecimiento y engorde del ave el desarrollo de la enfermedad respiratoria cr\u00f3nica. La madre puede transmitir la ascitis a la cr\u00eda.<\/p><h3 align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Lesiones:<\/span><\/h3><ul><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Macrosc\u00f3picas:<\/span> l\u00edquido asc\u00edtico, claro o amarillo, con masa gelatinosa sobre h\u00edgado y v\u00edsceras.<\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Coraz\u00f3n:<\/span> Dilataci\u00f3n del ventr\u00edculo derecho.<\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Pulmones:<\/span> \u00c1reas p\u00e1lidas, coloraci\u00f3n de gris a rojizo, edema.<\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">H\u00edgado:<\/span> Incremento de tama\u00f1o, bordes redondeados, congesti\u00f3n.<\/li><li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ri\u00f1ones:<\/span> Aumento de tama\u00f1o y congesti\u00f3n.<\/li><\/ul><p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Intestino delgado:<\/span> Edema subcut\u00e1neo, congesti\u00f3n generalizada.<\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: left;\" align=\"justify\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Tratamiento:<\/span><\/h3><p align=\"justify\">No hay tratamiento.<\/p><p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60a630b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"60a630b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Ascitis-en-pollitos-Depresi\u00f3n-postraci\u00f3n-y-aumento-de-tama\u00f1o-en-el-abdomen.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Ascitis en pollitos. Depresi\u00f3n, postraci\u00f3n y aumento de tama\u00f1o en el abdomen\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTIxNzQsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC93d3cudHJpLXRyby5jb21cL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjBcLzAxXC9Bc2NpdGlzLWVuLXBvbGxpdG9zLURlcHJlc2lcdTAwZjNuLXBvc3RyYWNpXHUwMGYzbi15LWF1bWVudG8tZGUtdGFtYVx1MDBmMW8tZW4tZWwtYWJkb21lbi5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Ascitis-en-pollitos-Depresi\u00f3n-postraci\u00f3n-y-aumento-de-tama\u00f1o-en-el-abdomen-puy646hx0c9vtucx6mm3dyjd5z98g1iy37sx233m96.jpg\" title=\"Ascitis en pollitos. Depresi\u00f3n, postraci\u00f3n y aumento de tama\u00f1o en el abdomen\" alt=\"Ascitis en pollitos. Depresi\u00f3n, postraci\u00f3n y aumento de tama\u00f1o en el abdomen\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc30d4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc30d4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #333300;\">Ascitis en pollitos. Depresi\u00f3n, postraci\u00f3n y aumento de tama\u00f1o en el abdomen<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-401b56a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"401b56a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d6dcfe e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7d6dcfe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6524e4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6524e4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bibliogr\u00e1fica:<\/p><p>MERCK &amp; CO. (1995). Manual Merck de Veterinaria. Rahway, N. J., EE.\u00a0UU.<\/p><p>BUXAD\u00c9, P. (1987). La gallina ponedora. Ed. Mundiprensa. Madrid.<\/p><p>M.V. Dr. Armando S\u00e1nchez, Dr. C. La Habana, 2004<\/p><p>DORN, P. (1987). Manual de patolog\u00eda aviar. Ed. Acribia. Zaragoza.<\/p><p>HOFSTAD, M. S. (1984). Diseases of Poultry. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.<\/p><p>ZARZUELO, E. (1982). Vadem\u00e9cum de la patolog\u00eda infecciosa de las aves dom\u00e9sticas. Ed. Aedos, Barcelona.<\/p><p>Monroy LC, Hern\u00e1ndez A. 2013. Susceptibilidad a la hipoxia hipob\u00e1rica en una estirpe comercial de pollos de engorde [Susceptibility to hypobaric hypoxia in a commercial strain of broiler chickens]. Rev. Fac. Med. Vet. Zoot. 62(2):86-99.<\/p><p>CASTELL\u00d3, F. y CASTELL\u00d3, J. A. (1960). El nuevo arte de criar gallinas. Ed. Aedos, Barcelona.<\/p><p>OROZCO, F. (1989). Razas de gallinas espa\u00f1olas. Ed. Mundiprensa. Madrid.<\/p><p>LACADENA, J. R. (1998). Gen\u00e9tica. Ed. AGESA<\/p><p>PUERTAS, M.J. (1992). Gen\u00e9tica: fundamentos y perspectivas. Ed. Interamericana McGraw-Hill.<\/p><p>SANCHEZ-MONGE, E. (1969), Gen\u00e9tica. Ed. Espasa-Calpe S.A.<\/p><p>OROZCO, F. y ROBLA, F. (1986). Aspectos gen\u00e9ticos del gallo de Le\u00f3n. XXIV Simposio de la WPSA (Secci\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola): 199 \u2013 212.<\/p><p>DE LA LOMA, J.L. (1973). Gen\u00e9tica general y aplicada. Ed. UTEHA.<\/p><p>CASTELL\u00d3, J.A., LLEONART, R., CAMPO, J.L., OROZCO, F. (1989). Biolog\u00eda de la gallina. Real Escuela de Avicultura.<\/p><p>LLEONART, F., ROCA, E., CALL\u00cdS, M., GURRI, A., PONTES, M. (1991). Higiene y patolog\u00eda aviares. Real Escuela de Avicultura.<\/p><p>STURKIE, P.D. (1968). Fisiolog\u00eda aviar, ed. Acribia. Zaragoza.<\/p><p>LOHMANN ANIMAL HEALTH (2012)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f882dcd animated-slow e-con-full e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5f882dcd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;zoomIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34c556a7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"34c556a7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-199c75e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"199c75e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Os pueden interesar estos otros apartados<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-506cae3e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"506cae3e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bcf3ca9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5bcf3ca9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d4e5510 animated-slow elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5d4e5510\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/ancestros-de-la-avicultura-espanola\/nicolas-casas-de-mendoza\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Nicolas-Casas-de-Mendoza-puy63y1adkxl9sctrsjg51g76cv6utdbehaqpfmp56.jpg\" title=\"Nicolas Casas de Mendoza\" alt=\"Nicolas Casas de Mendoza\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11c1dcf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11c1dcf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Cr\u00eda lucrativa de gallinas Nicol\u00e1s Casas de Mendoza<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-661e7745 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"661e7745\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c8beb63 animated-slow elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1c8beb63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/castellana-negra-su-historia\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Castellana-negra-su-Historia.-puy63y1adkxl9sctrsjg51g76cv6utdbehaqpfmp56.jpg\" title=\"Castellana negra su Historia.\" alt=\"Castellana negra su Historia.\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-537f877e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"537f877e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Descubre la historia de la gallina castellana negra<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7800564e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7800564e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5595fc05 animated-slow elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5595fc05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/ancestros-de-la-avicultura-espanola\/francisco-dieste-y-buil\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tri-tro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Francisco-Dieste-y-Buil-puy63y1adkxl9sctrsjg51g76cv6utdbehaqpfmp56.jpg\" title=\"Francisco Dieste y Buil\" alt=\"Francisco Dieste y Buil\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2efb0e6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2efb0e6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Descubre el tratado econ\u00f3mico de Francisco Dieste y Buil<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b0d126d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3b0d126d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48687fe8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"48687fe8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cbf4207 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5cbf4207\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;pulse&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00bfQuieres compartir o comentar en tus redes sociales<\/span>?\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Escanea para visitar <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>TRI-TRO<\/strong><\/span><br data-start=\"1853\" data-end=\"1856\" \/>Scan to visit <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>TRI-TRO<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element 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