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Fly grinder or of the stables

Parasitic diseases

Fly stables, Stomoxys calcitrans, credit Lyle Buss

Stomoxys calcitrans, stable fly:

The fly in the stables adultStomoxys calcitrans) It is about the same size as the common housefly, but can be easily distinguished by its mouthparts, which protrude forward from its head.

This fly features a proboscis robust color black, which he uses to pierce the skin and suck blood. Both males and females feed on blood.

The fly Stomoxys calcitrans it is often the only species grinder and suctioning of blood present in appreciable amounts in and around the interior of the units of intensive animal production.

In addition to its features of mouthparts, it has an abdomen that is wider than the housefly, with dark spots by drawing a board for checkers or chess on the back of the abdomen.

Difference in heads of flies

Outline of the parts of the proboscis

Clicking with its proboscis, Fly in the barn

Penetrating with its proboscis, Fly in the barn

The fourth vein of the wing is just slightly curved upwards, much less than its counterpart, the housefly common. The fly of the stables has four longitudinal lines on the thorax, similar to those of the housefly.

Stable flies are often found in large numbers around feeders, resting areas for dairy cattle, and horse stalls. Flies prefer sunny, outdoor conditions, although a few do find their way into buildings and breed there.

All in all, the breeding occurs most often outdoors, in silage, hay, litter and piles of manure mixed with straw bedding.

In the interior, are to be found breeding in the pens of calves and lactating dairy cattle and, in the outside, in the cabins ready for these that uses a bed of straw.

Sometimes, the flies of the stables are located indoors in the manure avian contains the remains of feed shed. However, primarily, the fly is behaves as a pest on the outside, where it actively feeds the cattle.

In normal conditions, the fly grinder can fly many miles, especially in areas with strong wind.

The intake of blood requires 2 to 5 minutes so that the fly was completely full. The flies are feeding are often found in the lower parts of animals, in particular in the lower half of the legs.

These flies attack people with the same ease that the cattle. When not to suck blood, rests on the wall of the stall, or, during the winter months, the sun.

A comparison to dorsal fly barn adult, Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus) (left), and housefly, Musca domestic Linnaeus (right).

A ventral view comparing the adult stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus) (left), and the housefly, Musca domestica (Linnaeus) (right).

Fly out of the barn, eggs:

The eggs of the fly the stables are white, very similar to those of the housefly common, and are deposited in small groups, of about 1 mm in length.

Have a sausage-shaped (see photo). It are smooth and curved on one side and straight with a lengthwise slot in the other side.

A female will usually lay up to 800 eggs, usually in groups of 25-50, after an intake of blood. For a continuous production of eggs, need repeated intakes of blood.

The eggs are deposited in media that contain a large amount of vegetable matter. The habitats favorite for oviposition and larval development are the silage, animal bedding with urine and feces, the hay in the stage of decay, and forage in fermentation, grass cut, stacked, or other plant material in decomposition.

Barn fly eggs

Fly out of the barn, larvae:

The larvae of the Stable flies are white, cylindrical, tapered at the front, and very similar to common houseflies. However, their posterior spiracles differ considerably.

A larva grows from the first stage, translucent approximately 1.25 mm, to larvae of the third stage of 11-12 mm that is pale yellow to creamy white with a hook mouth and two spiracles later.

In the larva of the fly of the stables, the spiracles later are more or less triangular, widely separated, and each one has three grids winding included in a thick and dark peritrema, with the button in the center.

The spiracles later in the housefly popular are arranged close to one another, and their shape is nearly that of a “D”, with a peritrema much thinner than that of the fly of the stables.

The cephalopharyngeal skeleton also differs in shape from that of the common housefly larva.

Stable fly larva

Fly out of the barn, pupae, adults:

The flies of the stables they exhibit the same biological cycle as houseflies, but its development is slightly slow.

With the summer temperatures of the temperate zones, the eggs hatch in 1–2 days, and the larval development requires 6-8 business days. The pupal stage lasts 6–8 days.

The biological cycle to complete (egg to adult) requires 13–18 days at temperatures between 24 and 30 °C (75-85 °F).

The period of preoviposición (during which time they are required the intake of blood) is about 6-8 days.

As in the housefly, the development of the fly of the stalls slows when temperatures drop, being able to take then several weeks. For example, at 10 °C (50 °F) the evolution from the stage of egg to the adult needs 3–5 months.

The third-instar larval skin hardens to form a reddish-brown, capsule-shaped puparium. The larva then forms a pupa inside the puparium (see photo). The puparium is 4.5–6 mm long and is wider at the head end.

Pupae of flies in the barn

Fly stables, Stomoxys calcitrans

Fly the stable, sucking, credit Lyle Buss

Visual differences: housefly and stable fly.

Videos: Stable biting fly, Stomoxys calcitrans:

First lateral plane of the fly of the barn. Stomoxys calcitrans.

Fly to the stable. Stomoxys calcitrans.

Literature review:

MERCK & CO. (1995). Manual Merck de Veterinaria . Rahway, N. J., EE. UU.

BUXADÉ, P. (1987). The laying hen. Ed. Mundiprensa. Madrid.

DORN, P. (1987). Manual of avian pathology. Ed. Acribia. Zaragoza.

HOFSTAD, M. S. (1984). Diseases of Poultry. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.

MAURER, VERONIKA. Contrôle des mouches des étables. Service romand de vulgarisation agricole (Agridea, Lausanne), CFPPA Montmorot et FiBL (Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Switzerland).

LOFTIN, KELLYet al. Fly control for Organic Dairies. Cooperative Extension Service. Division of agriculture. The University of Arkansas.

D ASSIS FONSECA, E. C. M. (1968) Diptera: Muscidae. Royal Entomological Society of London Handbook

ROZKOSNY, R, GREGOR. F., & Pont, BC (1997) The European Fanniidae (Diptera). Brno: Institute of Landscape Ecology. Séguy, E. (1923)

DIPTÉRES:Anthomyides. Paris: Éditions Faune de France

ZARZUELO, E. (1982). Vade mecum of the pathology, infectious poultry . Ed. Aedos, Barcelona.

CASTELLÓ, F and CASTELLÓ, J. A. (1960). The new art of raising chickens. Ed. Aedos, Barcelona.

OROZCO, F. (1989). Breeds of chickens Spanish. Ed. Mundiprensa. Madrid.

LACADENA, J. R. (1998). Genetics. Ed. AGESA

GATES, M. J. (1992). Genetics, fundamentals and perspectives. Ed. Interamericana McGraw – Hill.

SANCHEZ-MONGE, E. (1969), Genetics. Ed. Espasa – calpe SA

OROZCO,F, and ROBLA, F. (1986). Genetic aspects of the cock of a Lion. XXIV Symposium of the WPSA (Spanish Section): 199 – 212.

HILL, J. L. (1973). Genetics, general and applied. Ed. UTEHA.

CASTELLÓ, J. A., LLEONART, R., FIELD, J. L., OROZCO, F. (1989). Biology of the chicken. Real Escuela de Avicultura.

LLEONART, F., ROCA, E. CALLÍS, M. GURRI, A. PONTES, M. (1991). Hygiene and pathology avian . Real escuela de avicultura.

STURKIE, NB (1968). Physiology Of Avian. Ed. Acribia. Zaragoza.

LOHMANN ANIMAL HEAFTH (2012)

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